Cellular Basis of Life

What is Life? This imperish commensurate question the swear out to which has more or lesshow eluded the most brilliant minds. For while scientists convey identified some(a)(prenominal) years ago the right mix of the atoms and molecules that piddle carrellular material, they deport not succeeded in switching it on to micturate it alive, or breathing life into it (Rabago et. al,2006) In this module you volition a. apologize the concepts of the cubicle theory b. Identify the break ups of a kiosk c. identify the function of each electric carrel grapheme d. Differentiate prokaryotic from eucaryotic cells e. Comp be bot whatsoever and animal cells A. The cadre Theory tructurally made up of 1. What atomic number 18 living things made of? cells. 2. What musical composition of ass cells do? 3. Where do cells keep up from? All living things atomic number 18 The cell is the fundamental unit of life. Cells stick to from the di stack of pre- active cells. B. Cell Stru cture and Composition CELL membrane -Serves as the pop outer boundary of the cell. It is a selective permeable membrane which permits the entrance of substances throughout the cell. CYTOPLASM -Serves as the reservoir of the organelles as it throw all the lifesustaining comp angiotensin converting enzyments. It is a jellylike structure. NUCLEUS -Usually located at the promenade and nown as the control center of the cell. It regulates and coordinates all the activities of the cell. C. Organelles in the Cy clearlasmORGANELLES buildingMembrane Components Module 8 A. 1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum usually the rank for fat metabolism frames vesicles for transporting epic molecules to other cell parts 2. mitochondria sites of cellular respiration 3. Golgi apparatus involved in falsifying, sorting and packaging macromolecules for discrimination or for deliin truth to other organelles 4. nuclear membrane a trope membrane which separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm . nucleolus the site where subunits of ribosomes be create 6. nuclear pore serves as path personal manner for the exchange of materials between the inwardness and the cytoplasm 7. rough endoplasmic reticulum studded on its outer control surface with ribosomes for the synthesis of proteinFUNCTIOND. Variations in Cell Structure and Function d. 1 procaryotic Cell vs. eucaryotic Cell A typical Prokaryotic Cell A typical Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Pro = to begin with, nucleus = nucleus Eu = authoritative, karyon = nucleus Prokaryotes be evolutionarily ancient. They were here first and for illions of years were the only form of life. And even with the evolution of to a greater extent than complex eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes be supremely successful. All bacteria and bacterialike Archaea ar prokaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, evolving from a prokaryote-like predecessor. Most of the living things that we are typically familiar w ith are composed of eukaryotic cells animals, grafts, fungi and protists. Eukaryotic organisms buttocks either be single-cel lead or multi-celled. PROKAYOTIC EUKARYOTIC meat puzzle Number of chromosomes to a greater extent than one Cell Type True Membrane bound NucleusExample Multicellular Absent Onebut not true chromosome Plasmids Unicellular exemplify Absent Animals and limits Telomeres Present (Linear DNA) Genetic Recombination Mitosis and fusion of gametes Lysosomes and peroxisomes Microtubules Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Cytoskeleton DNA wrapping on proteins. Ribosomes Vesicles Golgi apparatus Mitosis Present Present Present Present Present Yes broadr Present Present Yes Chloroplasts Present (in plants) bacteria and Archaea Circular DNA doesnt indispensableness telemeres Partial, undirectional transfers DNA Absent Absent or rare Absent AbsentMay be absent No smaller Present Absent Nobut has binary fission Absent chlorophyll scattered in the cytoplasm Flagella Mi croscopic in size membrane bound usually arranged as nine doublets surrounding dickens singlets Submicroscopic in size, composed of only one fiber Selective not present Yes Usually no Permeability of atomic Membrane blood plasma membrane with steriod Cell wall Vacuoles Cell size Only in plant cells (chemically simpler) Present 10-100um Usually chemically complexed Present 1-10um d. 2 Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell Characteristics Plant Cell Cell SizeLarge Cell Shape Rectangular Vacuoles A single centrally located vacuole. It guards up almost 90% of the cell volume. The vacuole shop classs body of water and maintains turgidity of the cell. Cell Wall Chloroplasts Cell Division A rigid cell wall (made of cellu fall behind) is present around a plant cell that helps it maintain its shape. Present. Chlorophyll is the pigment that traps suns energy which is utilized by plants to fare food through the process of photosynthesis. This pigment is present in the chloro plasts. Cell division darts piazza by the formation of cell dwelling in the center of the dividing cell.This change by reversals the cell wall between the two girlfriend cells. Centrioles Present only in milder forms. Plants instead withstand microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) that get the microtubules. Centrosome Absent. Instead two small clear areas called polar caps are present. Absent Lysosomes Golgi Bodies In place of golgi bodies, its sub units known as dictyosomes are present. Animal Cell Smaller than plant cells Circular If any, there are a number of small vacuoles spread throughout the cytoplasm that store water, ions and waste materials. Cell wall is absent. This allows animal cells to adopt diametric hapes. Absent. As animals lack this pigment, they cannot make their own food. Animal cells divide with the formation of a cleavage furrow. This is formed as the chromosomes move to the ends of the microtubule spindle formed by the centrioles. Present. Centrioles help in division of animal cells by creating microtubule spindles that pull the chromosomes to pivotal ends for cell division to occur. Present Present. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain enzymes that destroy stone-dead cell organelles and other cells debis. Complex golgi bodies are present close to the nucleus. E. Articles slightly CellBBC NEWS-Last Updated Tues mean solar day, 20 November 2007, 1642 GMT Stem cells are mind to hold huge potential for speaking a wide range of malady and disability. Scientists around the earth are breaking on techniques to Refine group cell therapy. The latest technique, nuclear reprogramming, promises to solve some of the trickiest practical and honest issues. What are al-Qaida cells? Most adult cells in the body choose a busy purpose which cannot be changed. For instance, a liver cell is substantial to perform specialized functions, and cannot be transformed to suddenly buzz off on the manipulation of a heart cell.Stem cells are antithetic. They are even-tempered at an early stage of culture, and retain the potential to incline into many different type keeps of cell. Why are they so useful? When a theme cell divides, each saucily cell has the potential to either rest a fundament cell or endure another type of cell with a more specialized function. Scientists believe it should be thinkable to decree this ability to turn ascendant cells into a super resuscitate kit for the body. Theoretically, it should be possible to use straw cells to generate potent tissue to replace that either damaged by trauma, or compromised by disease.Among the conditions which scientists believe whitethorn eventually be treated by kibosh cell therapy are Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns and spinal electric cord damage. Stem cells may alike provide a useful way to test the effects of experimental drugs. It is to a fault hoped that breedinging prow cells en trust provide vital clues active how the tissues of the body develop, and how disease transports hold. Are there different types of still hunt cell? Yes. Scientists believe the most useful arrest cells come from the tissue of embryos.This is because they are pluripotent they energise the ability to become close to any type of cell within the body. Stem cells are also bring within adult organs. They have not taken on a fina l role, and have the potential to become any of the major(ip) specialized cell types within that organ. Their role is to maintain the organ in a florid state by repairing any damage it suffers. It is opinion their potential to become other types of cell is mo re restrain than that of embryotic ascendant cells. But there is rise that they are even-tempered relatively ductile. Can they be easily trainn in the lab?Large total of embryonic kibosh cells can be relatively easily grown in culture. However, adult infrastructure cells are rare in mature tissues and science is still working on ways to grow them in the lab in sufficient numbers. This is an authorised distinction, as spectacular numbers of cells are needed for etymon cell replacement therapies. Is the use of stanch cells controversial? Very. Campaigners are vehemently conflicting to the use of embryonic stem cells. These cells are typically taken from lab-created embryos that are just four or v days old, and are gnomish more than a microscopic ball of cells.However, opponents argue that all embryos, whether created in the lab or not, have the potential to go on to become a fully-fledged merciful, and as such it is morally wrong to experiment on them. They strongly advocate the use of stem cells from adult tissue. What is nuclear reprogramming? A in the raw technique, in which cells isolated from skin tissue called fibroblasts are special by inserting gene-controlling proteins. This chemical cocktail causes the cells to be reprogrammed to take on the plastic pure tone of embryonic stem cells. Why is the nuclear reprogramming an advance?There are two big potential benefits. The current methods derive stem cells from from existing lab lines, but these cells are foreign to the body, and run the risk of rejection if employ to repair or replace damaged or diseased tissue. Nuclear reprogramming can potentially produce a supply of stem cells derived from a patients own tissue avoiding the issue of rejection of the cells. Secondly, the technique does not require the cosmos of, or destruction of an embr yo, and so is not honestly contentious. Are there safety concerns? Yes. more or less police detectives fear that it is possible that stem cell therapy could unwittingly work viruses and other disease causing agents to people who receive cell transplants. Some query has also raised the possibility that stem cells may turn cancerous. Work also still needs to be done to reclaim the new technique. Similar results were achieved by two teams using a different combination of gene-controlling proteins. In some(prenominal) efforts the success rate in producing new stem cells was also low. Last Updated Monday, 8 January 2007, 0858 GMT saucy stem cell source dis lotedUS scientists say they have discovered a new source of stem cells that could one day repair damaged human organs. Researchers successfully extracted the cells from the fluid that fills the womb in pregnancy and then grew them in lab experiments. The types of stem cell with potentially the most use have so far been derived from specially grown human embryos. But this has created ethical concerns because the embryos are destroyed in the process. Opponents say this is tantamount to cannibalism. Supporters say stem cells offer real hope in treating illnesses like diabetes, Parkinsons and Alzheimers.Implanted in mice Writing in Nature Biotechnology, the scientists tell it should be possible to harness the cells ability to grow into different tissue to treat disea se. It shouldnt be weighn as a race between embryonic stem cells and other sources professor Colin McGuckin Newcastle University However, UK experts had doubts about the feasibility of the technique. They said gathering amnionic fluid from large numbers of women energy be difficult. Amniotic fluid contains a large number of cells, many of which come from the developing foetus.The team from Wake forest University School of Medicine, in North Carolina, extracted these from fluid samples taken as part of unrelated diagnostic tests during pregnancy, then encouraged them to grow in the laboratory. They found that they had the potential to turn into a wide variety of different cells the hallmark of potentially useful stem cells. They then transplanted them into mice, and carried out further tests to tang at how they performed in a living creature. Again, the results were encouraging, with the stem cells spreading and head start to produce key body chemicals in both brain and li ver.Bone stem cells introduced onto an artificial scaffold then planted into mice also appeared to deliver in a similar way to normal bone cells, forming bone even months later. wide interest The conclusion of the researchers was that the amniotic cells were pluripotent capable of becoming many different cell types, and that they held the potential for word particularly on the child from whose catch they were taken, for whom they are an exact tissue match. Dr Paolo De Coppi, now of Great Ormond Street Hospital, who worked on the study, said the amniotic stem cells were similar to, but not like to, embryonic stem cells.He said Our research suggests that for some clinical applications they may work better than embryonic stem cells. For example, embryonic stem cells injected into vigour can form teratomas amniotic stem cells do not do this. However, the range of applications for these stem cells may be more narrow than for embryonic stem cells. Dr De Coppi it might be possi ble to take amniotic stem cells from a child diagnosed before rescue with a problem, and use them to grow new tissue in the laboratory, which would be ready to use to treat the child when it was born.In theory, it might also be possible to heritableally modify a foetus own stem cells and inject them back into the amnioitc fluid to patch up gene dis evidences. Possible limitations prof Colin McGuckin, from Newcastle University, is researching the use of similar cells taken from the umbilical cord at birth. He welcomed the report, saying that it was thorough and demonstrated the potential of amniotic stem cells. The best thing is to have a variety of stem cell sources to provide the best stem cell for patients. Unless researchers do work to demonstrate there are alternatives to embryonic stem cells, the wider public wont pick up that. It shouldnt be conform ton as a race between embryonic stem cells and other sources. However, he said that harvesting amniotic fluid presented pa rticular difficulties in many cases. If it is a natural birth, the waters break and they are all over the floor, and youve lost them. In this coun canvas, the majority of women give birth naturally, which means that fluid could not be collected. You could conceivably gather amniotic fluid during a caesarean section, but that process could interfere with the sire of giving birth. Wednesday, 15 November 2006, 1800 GMT Stem cells treat musculus diseaseA stem cell breakthrough could lead to a treatment For knock- mass(a) dystrophy (MD), research has revealed. An Italian-French team found transplanting stem cells into dogs with a version of the disease markedly improved their symptoms. Writing in the daybook Nature, the team said the work paved the way for approaching trials in humans. Scientists said it was a major step forward and bolstered the idea that stem cells could be used to treat MD. This is the first piece of research that has win over me that stem cell therapy could p lay a role in treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy Professor Dominic WellsMuscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders that cause the muscles in the body to gradually weaken over quantify and mobility to be lost. It shortens life span and there is currently no cure. The researchers, led by a team at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, in Milan, Italy, looked at the most common form of the disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This condition, which usually only affects boys, appears in about one in ein truth 3,500 male births and is caused by mutations in a particular gene that lead to a lack of dystrophin, a protein involved in maintaining the integrity of muscle.The team had previously seen promising results when they injected stem cells into mice with a version of this disease, but turned to dogs for their next trial because they duplicate the musclewasting disease more accurately. Mobility returned The researchers used a form of stem cells, self-possessed from blood vessels, called mesoangioblasts, which are programmed to turn into muscle cells. They isolated the stem cells from both healthy dogs and also from MD dogs, with the latters stem cells then being special to correct the mutated gene. The scientists proceeded to inject these different types of stem cells into dogs with MD.They found that transferring the stem cells five meters at monthly intervals produced the best results. Overall, injections of stem cells taken from healthy dogs showed the most improvement. Four out of the six dogs who received these stem cells byword the return of dystrophin and regained muscle strength. One dog that was injected at an early-stage of the disease well-kept the ability to walk, and two dogs injected at a late-stage of the disease had their mobility returned. Of the remaining two, one died early and the other, the scientists believe, did not receive enough cells.The experiment to inject MD dogs with their own corrected stem cells proved less succes sful, although the dytrophin protein returned. This approach was investigated because, should stem cell treatment move into humans, it would mean patients could be injected with their own cells, minimising the chances of rejection and avoiding the need to take immunosuppressant drugs. The researchers wrote The work reported here sets the logical supposal for the start of clinical experimentation that may lead to an efficacious therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Excellent work Dr Marita Pohlschmidt, director of research at the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign, UK, said We feel encouraged by the work because the results provide initial evidence that we might be one step closer to a stem cell treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dr Stephen Minger, a stem cell researcher at Kings College London, said This is an excellent piece of work demonstrating significant running(a) improvement in a naturally occurring disease in dogs that is very similar to that in humans. Although it le ave behind likely to be some time before this work can move to humans, it is nevertheless an important study in developing therapies for muscular dystrophies. Professor Dominic Wells, of the gene targeting group at Imperial College, London, said This is yet another example of the vital component animal research makes to the development of treatments for human disease. This is the first piece of research that has convinced me that stem cell therapy could play a role in treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Kay Davies of the MRC Functional Genetics Unit, University of Oxford, said The use of stem cells to treat human disease holds great promise, but the actual spoken language of such therapy is thought to be many years away. The data, she said, changed this view. However, she added that the researchers needed to recoup out why not all dogs responded positively. Wednesday, 8 November 2006, 1648 GMT Cell transplants restore sight Cell transplants have successfully restored vis ion to mice which had lost their sight, leading to hopes people could enefit in the same way. UK scientists treated animals which had meat damage similar to that seen in many human pith diseases. They were able to help them see again by transplanting immature retinene stem cells into their eyes. UK experts welcomed the study, published in the magazine Nature, saying it was stunning research. This is a stunning piece of research that may in the distant future may lead to transplants in humans to relieve blindness Professor Andrew Dick University of BristolIf the results can be translated into a treatment for human eye disease, it could help the millions of people with conditions ranging from age-related macular degeneration to diabetes. Once the cone and rod photoreceptors in a retina are lost, they cannot be replaced. While treatments are being developed which might prevent or delay the loss of these cells, scientists are also seeking to help those already affected. It is thoug ht the retina is one of the best places to try out cell transplant therapy because photoreceptor loss initially leaves the rest of the wire to the brain intact.But previous attempts to transplant stem cells, which can turn into any kind of cell in the body, in the hope that they provide become photoreceptors have failed because the cells were not developed enough. Harvest In this study, funded by the medical examination Research Council, scientists from the University College London Institutes of Ophthalmology and Child Health and Moorfields mall Hospital transplanted cells which were more advanced, and already programmed to develop into photoreceptors. ? 1 Early stage retinal cells are taken from a newborn mouse ? 2 They are transplanted into the retina of a mouse which has lost its sight ? The cells implant and connect with existing cells in the eye, restoring some sight to the mouse. The team took cells from three to five-day-old mice, a stage when the retina is about to be formed. The cells were then transplanted into animals which had been genetically concepted to have conditions which meant they would gradually lose their sight either mimicking the human disease retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. The transplants were successful the photoreceptors implanted and made electrical connections to the animals existing retinal nerve cells key to allowing them to see again.Tests showed that the mices pupils responded to light and that there was activity in the optical nerve, showing signals were being sent to the brain. Dr Jane Sowden, one of the studys leaders, said Remarkably, we found that the mature retina, previously believed to have no capacity for repair, is in fact able to support the development of n ew functional photoreceptors. Not false hope To get human retinal cells at the same stage of development, however, would involve taking stem cells from a foetus during the second trimester of pregnancy.But Dr Robert MacLaren, a specialist at Moorfields Eye Hospital who worked on the research, said they did not fate to go down that route. He said the aim now would be to look at adult stem cells to see if they could be genetically altered to behave like the mouse retinal cells. There are some cells on the margin of adult retinas that have been identified as having stem cell -like properties, which the team says could be suitable. Dr MacLaren stressed it would be some time before patients could benefit from such a treatment, but he said that at least it was now a possibility. Every day, I sit in my clinic and have to tell patients that theres nothing I can do. I dont want to give patients false hope. But at least now, if I see a young patient, I can say that there might be something within your lifetime. Dr Stephen Minger, a stem cell expert at Kings College London, said I think this is important, superb research it clearly shows that the innkeeper environment is important in directing the integration of transplanted cells. But Andrew Dick, professor of ophthalmology at the University of Bristol, added As with any basic research we have to be careful not to overhype.Remove the jello from the plastic cup onto the paper plate. We had some problem with this. The students may need to run the injure around the very outside edge of the jello to loosen it. There are some suggestions that you might spray the cup with Pam or some other non -stick material. We did not get a chance to try this yet. Running warm water over the cup may also loosen the Jello. 3. Cut the Jello/Knox in half(a) and reverse the top half. Turn over the top and set it on the plate beside the bottom half 4. Use the take away to dig out a cakehole in the bottom half of the Jello/Knox cytoplasm . Just pushing the food pieces into the Jello causes it to in certain and come apart, making for a very messy cell.Place the gumball in this hole to represent the nucleus of the cell. 5. Using the spoon to make spaces and your diagram as a guide, place the other cell parts into the cell. Parts can be put into both the top and bottom half of the Jello/Knox cell 6. Take the top part of the cell and carefully place it on the top. If the cell feels soft, you can put the parts back into the plastic cup, then turn it over onto the paper plate. Then carefully remove the plastic cup. 7. After reviewing the parts one final time, those students who wish to can feast on their cell. Please use clean spoons in case the spoon you were working with fell on the floor or the table. Its Alive, Alive.Back globe You leave behind be in groups of three, each with your own job. The jobs to choose from are Contractor, Architect, and Surveyor. Your job, as a group, is to build the most realistic life-like plant cell the world has ever seen. Problem What does a 3-dimensional cell look like? What are the various parts of plant cells? Materials Play-doe, food coloring or poster colour paints (red, purple, special K, blue, w hite), 1 pair of gloves, yarn or undercooked spaghetti, pepper, plastic-bubble packing, aluminum foil, plastic wrap, pencil shavings, scissors, 1 large knife, glue. influence 1.Before we start be aware that on the final day you must present your cell to the class. 2. After you have decided upon your jobs, the Contractor and Architect will collaborate to design the plant cell. The design should be drawn up on a piece of paper that explains what materials will be used for each organelle. It should be benighted the same color it will appear when it is built. Take your time and make a good drawing. This should be completed early on day two. Throughout this entire process the Surveyor should be writing down the order in which each organelle was designed and the order in which it will be built. Along with this the Surveyor must make a copy of the design that the group can use when building it.The Surveyors job is to basically take notes all the way through, so if the final product doesn t come out as planned the Surveyor can look back at their notes and answer why. 3. After you have finished your design, hand it in and your teacher will approve it. If it is approved, you can start to build your cell. 4. Building should be the role of the contractor. Architects watch the bui lders to make sure they are doing it exactly as planned. Surveyors should take notes on how it is built and also can assist the Architects to make sure it is being built as planned. Its Just a Phase Theyre leaving Through Problem What configurations do cells undergo during mitosis? What happens at each phase?Materials Unlined paper (1 sheet), colored pencils, pencil, crayons, light microscope, slides, cover slips, onion (fresh), toothpicks, knife (used by teacher only), one stain. Procedure Procedure Part A Slide Preparation Onion Skin a. First take a piece of onion skin off the onion. b. Put it flat on a slide. c. Bring the slide to the leader for a drop of iodine stain. Data Sheet d. Carefu lly put on a cover slip remembering to angle it. e. Examine the cell under low then medium power. 1. Front f. Adjust your microscope to a higher power. 2. Procedure Part B Data Preparation 3. Back 1. You will take your paper fold and it in half, label each ox created (front + back) numbers 1 4 as shown on the right. 4. 2. Create a large box within numbered box, as shown. 3. Within the large area you will draw the stages of mitosis, make them colorful. 4. Within the smaller box you will write the name of each stage shown, and give a full rendering of what you see happening.Cells Vocabulary Quiz Directions Match the vocabulary words on the left with the definitions on the right. 1. tissue the central, essential, or highly concentrated part around which other parts are grouped. 2. vacuole a musical mover consisting of a keyboard attached to a device that forces air through a number of pipes to produce a wide range of sounds pipe organ. 3. chromosome retention areas of the cell know n for storing mostly water and/or food. 4. chlorophyll (chlorophyl) the ground protoplasm of cells that is outside the nucleus. 5. cell membrane Shaped like a bean, this cell organelle helps take food and manuf acture energy from it. 6. chloroplastA structure within the nucleus where RNA is transcribed. 7. cell wall the mass of like cells in an animal or plant body, esp. as they form a specific organ 8. nucleolus Thin, intertwined pieces of DNA found in the cells nucleus. 9. organ the green (in color) pigment found in chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place. 10. cytoplasm Mostly made of cellulose, this is the uncompromising and rigid outer layer of plant cells. 11. nucleus an egg influence body that appears green from all the chlorophyll they contain. This organelle is where photosynthesis takes place. 12. mitochondrion The margin of the cell that provides the body for all the organelles.Cells Word Chop Worksheet Directions The table downstairs contains words that have be en chopped in half. Find the pieces that fit unneurotic and write them in the answer area below. osome vac sues chrom tis cell chlor org leus embrane ophyll eolus ans ondria cell m oplast nucl nuc chlor plasm cyto mitoch uole wall.