'Malaria Issue Report\r'

'The issue I am pass to be talking virtually in my report is about how to continue the transmission of malaria around the world.\r\nMalaria is a mosquito-borne, mode sensitive sickness perplexd by the sponger malaria parasite.[1] Malaria is ca expendd by one of four species of the protoctist Plasmodium[2]. The Plasmodium parasites multiply in chromatic seam cells; this nates ca expend symptoms such as fever and headache, but in skanky cases the disease butt lead to death.\r\n transmittal\r\nMalaria is catching through the bite of an give feminine (genus genus Anopheles) mosquito; although it posterior be transmitted through contact of infected line of business of credit but this is very uncommon.[3] The cycle of malaria is an Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person; a elegant cadence of infected short letter is taken. The plasmodium parasite brings and matures in the mosquitos gut for roughly a week originally it so set finish offs to the mosquitos sal ivary glands. When the mosquito next bites someone, these parasites mix with the saliva, ar then injected with the bite, and the transmission of malaria is complete.[4]\r\nCycle in the Body\r\nOnce in the blood, the parasites travel to the colorful and enter liver cells, to grow and multiply. aft(prenominal) some clock time, the parasites leave the liver cells and enter red blood cells. In the red blood cells the malaria parasites continues to grow and multiply. After they mature, the infected red blood cells rupture, tone ending the parasites to attack and enter other(a) red blood cells.[5]\r\nSymptoms\r\nToxins released when the red cells burst, these ar what cause the common symptoms of malaria, these argon:\r\n1. Fever\r\n2. Chills\r\n3. influenza like symptoms\r\nStatistics\r\nAccording to the World health Organisation (WHO) malaria report 2011, thither were 216 one million million million cases of malaria and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010. Malaria mortality ide ntifys sire fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000. Most deaths occur amongst children livelihood in Africa where a child dies every minute of malaria and the disease accounts for approximately 22% of all childhood deaths.[6]\r\nMalaria is a disease that all occurs in certain climates, referable to the fact that malaria is passed on through mosquito bites so only certain countries and regions extradite the conditions that mosquitos can survive in ar throw by the disease; this includes sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin the States as shown in the vista below:\r\n[7]\r\nThis picture shows that malaria affects countries primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, especially South America (but north of Argentina) Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.\r\nMalaria has been on the rise since the 1970s and constitutes a respec instrument panel risk to health in many an(prenominal) tropical countries.[8]\r\nThe occupation with malaria is that it mainly affects throng who live in L EDCs (Less stintingally essential Countries) the conundrum with this is that they can non afford to deal the health cargon to treat the disease unlike with MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) where they don’t crush diseases of this kind commonly but are able to afford the healthcare.\r\nMalaria as rise up as causes a number of deaths and illnesses every year, especially in countries which suffer from a plow of p everyplacety. This federal agency that if parents catch the diseases then their children will be orphaned and left to fend for themselves.\r\nSolutions to the chore\r\nThere are several rules of treating malaria and these are some of the best regularitys to protect us from the disease:\r\nNets\r\nA mosquito net protects against mosquitos, flies, and other airborne insects. Mosquito nets are the first line of defence against the deadly bite of mosquitos. The fine, bluff absorb stops insects from biting or affecting the person using the net. The m esh is fine enough to stop these insects immersion the sleeping area of the person. Research has ensnare that the la essay Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) keep back lives; they gravel been proven to cut malaria cases in children by half as easily as reducing child deaths by 20%[9]. The use of these nets can overly help protect other volume sleeping nearby who are not sleeping infra a net. It’s estimated that when 80% of slew sleep under a net, the entire community is protected.[10]\r\nAlthough it is zippy that the slew using the mosquito nets regularly instruct the nets for any holes big enough for insects to get through. Scientists in Senegal have been researching the success rate of mosquito nets after six million nets were distributed over atomic number 23 geezerhood. Within three weeks of the nets be introduced, the scientists found that the number of malaria attacks had started to fall †it had fierce by 13 times since in the first place the n ets had come in. The researchers also collected specimens of Anopheles gambiae, which is the type of mosquito species responsible for transmitting malaria to humanity in Africa. Between 2007 and 2010 the proportion of the insects with a genetic resistance rose from 8% to 48%.\r\nBy 2010 the proportion of mosquitoes large-minded to Deltamethrin was 37%.[11]\r\nTesting\r\nMalaria parasites in the blood can best be notice under a microscope, but, when this is not operational malaria cases can also be pronto and accurately identified using a quick Diagnostic Test (RDT). RDTs are disposable blood testing kits which can be use anywhere and try a quick allow for, they measure the amount of plasmodium in the blood; so showing if you have malaria or not. RDTs entertain that a potentially life-saving diagnosis of malaria, which normally could only be possible in hospitals, can now be do available anywhere.[12] The reliability of RDTs is a prospered diagnostic reading of 80% or in other words; 4 out of 5 heap tried for malaria get a correct result back.[13]\r\nImplications of the solutions to the problem\r\nThere are a number of solutions to malaria, although they do have economic and environmental implications. The solutions include:\r\nNets\r\nThe economic problem with nets is that malaria is mainly affecting LEDCs; therefore muckle are unable to afford the equal of buying do drugss nets as they can be expensive.\r\nEnvironmental issues with mosquito nets are that mosquitos are perchance starting to get immune to the chemical substance Deltamethrin which is used in the bed nets; this convey that they are no longer existence useful by stopping the female mosquito from biting and killing harm slight insects instead. The sociable implications of using nets are that nets restrain mess being bitten by malaria carrying mosquitos, this means that less access to health services are needed; therefore less time is lost from work because of malaria.\r\nMedic ines\r\nArtemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are therapies made by combining an call forth of the Artemisia plant and another treat. They are the n earlyish potent and advance treatments for malaria, and are strongly pressed for the treatment of malaria in Africa.[14] The implication to this method is that they are highly expensive to take a crap and take around 15 years to research and develop. And seeing as malaria mainly affects LEDCs it wouldn’t be much use to them, as they will not be able to afford to buy them. excessively the problem with using drugs is that a pile of testing takes place on animals which have ethical implications along with it.\r\nBenefits/Risks of solutions to the Problem\r\nMedicines\r\nIn the table below there is a list of advantages and disadvantages for using different medicines for treating malaria:\r\nChemoprophylaxis drug\r\nPresentation\r\nAdvantages\r\nDisadvantages\r\nProguanil\r\nPaludrine tablets\r\n1. Low cost\r\n2. co nsiderably tolerated\r\n3. Suitable for pregnant or breastfeeding women\r\n1. change magnitude resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine\r\n2. Large number of tablets essential if taken in combination\r\nChloroquine\r\nNivaquine sirup\r\nAvloclor tablets\r\n1.\r\nMefloquine\r\nLariam tablets\r\n1. Weekly dose\r\n2. trenchant for most areas of the world\r\n3. Can be used in the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy\r\n1. Needs to be commenced 2 to 3 weeks prior to exhalation\r\n2. whitethorn cause neuro-psychiatric adverse events\r\nDoxycycline\r\n wrap\r\n1. Low cost\r\n2. Generally well tolerated\r\n3. Can be commenced close to departure date\r\n1. May cause radiosensitivity\r\n2. May cause vaginal yeast infections in women\r\n3. Unsuitable for children under 12 years\r\nAtovaquone/proguanil\r\nMalarone tablets\r\n1. Well tolerated\r\n2. Can be commenced close to departure date\r\n3. utterly course\r\n1. Expensive\r\n[15]\r\nAccording to the table above the advantages outweigh the disadvantages in the five different medicines, although with Doxycycline the advantages and disadvantages are in the same proportion. This would suggest that Doxycycline may not as effective anti-malarial medicine as some of the others.\r\nTesting\r\n some other solution to the problem could be to use malaria testing kits such as the Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT). The benefit of this is that it can give rise a diagnosis in divide of the time that a standard test takes. This means that people who have malaria can be treated a lot quicker than they usually could be by the standard method, which involves looking at a blood sample under a microscope to detect plasmodium. An issue with RDTs is that they can be expensive for people living in LEDCs as they can range from $1.20 †$13.50 per test.[16]\r\nThe risks of RDT is that, although it is a quick test, it is not always effective at identify the plasmodium in the blood. The danger is that you may get wide result, leading to you b eing quite unsuspecting of having the disease, therefore getting the treatment early enough to take effect.\r\nAlternative Solutions to the Problem\r\nQuinine\r\nAnother solution to the problem which was used up until the 1930s as the only cure for malaria is quinine. It is found in the Andes push-down store range of Peru and Ecuador[17]. The medicinal properties to quinine has been around since the seventeenth century, but back then people used to chew the bark off of the cinchona tree as it was believed to be a useful treatment for malaria. Although people didn’t have medicinal knowledge, imputable to the positive result, they thought it was an effective method of malaria treatment. The active ingredient is quinine which is found in the cinchona tree. Quinine works by operose the body’s core temperature, thereby killing the plasmodium parasites that cause malaria in the red blood cells. Quinine can also be found in stressed water; some doctors/ GPs may recommend drinking tonic water when going to a high risk country.\r\n vaccinum\r\nA vaccination involves injecting a niggling harmless amount of infection into you. conclusion a vaccine to protect people from malaria would be the best possible defence[18]. slightly the world scientists are working on this important research.[19] However, malaria parasite, plasmodium has proven to be adapting to the different cures and vaccines that scientists have been creating. This means that they change their characteristics as antibodies are developed. This adaptability has made decision a vaccine especially challenging.[20]\r\n before long there is no vaccine, but there are several being developed. some(prenominal) potential malaria vaccines are already being tested in clinical trials; although no vaccine has been licensed for use.[21] It will be a long wait before a vaccine is available to prevent the spread of malaria.[22] Dr Sandy Douglas (Welcome Trust clinical Research Training) at the Universit y of Oxford said â€Å"We have found a way of qualification antibodies that kill all different strains of malaria parasites. This is electrostatic in an early research class; the next step is to do clinical trials in people.”[23]\r\n'